The Apollo J Missions

After landing safely in a lunar crater known as the Sea of Tranquility, astronauts Neil Armstrong ScD ’63 and Buzz Aldrin emerged from their Eagle spacecraft and proceeded to step outside their landing site with seismometers tracking every movement they made. Apollo J missions would have included longer extravehicular activities and Lunar Roving Vehicle, or…

When Mercury Oxide Is Heated It Decomposes

Mercury oxide decomposes when exposed to heat, producing elemental mercury and liquid metal mercury in an orderly and balanced chemical reaction that was conducted by Antoine Lavoisier who studied chemical reactions as well as classifying substances into elements and compounds. Mercury(II) sulfide is a dense black or red crystalline solid used to produce zinc-mercuric oxide…

Interesting River Facts

Rivers carry freshwater to the oceans, helping plants and animals flourish, while creating unique ecosystems where salt water mixes with freshwater. The Nile in Africa and Amazon in South America are two of the longest rivers on the planet, boasting lengths over 3,300 kilometers each. Here we will look at some fascinating facts about these…

Spacecraft Definition – What is a Spacecraft?

Spacecraft are vehicles designed to travel beyond Earth’s atmosphere and explore space, such as other planets or orbits, before returning home again. Spacecraft may be either manned or unmanned. Propulsion usually comes in the form of rocket engines which use hot gases ejected out in opposite directions to change their trajectory. Definition Spacecraft refers to…

Spacecraft Power Systems

Spacecraft power systems generate, store, condition and distribute electricity for space missions of all types – ranging from launchers to interplanetary probes or the International Space Station. They must operate reliably throughout their missions. Recharging spacecraft millions of miles from Earth is impossible, so they must produce or store enough energy to last through decades…