A New Mission to Mars Will Help Scientists Learn More About the Red Planet

Mars has long been of interest to scientists and astronomers. As one of our nearest neighbors, this planet holds many mysteries to reveal. Mars is an extremely cold planet located much further from the sun than Earth. Mars, known for its fiery hue, stands as a powerful and brave symbol. Astronomy Mars, located fourth from…

The Gumdrop-Shaped Orion Spacecraft and Service Module

NASA has conducted rigorous tests of Orion spacecraft and service module in preparation for future missions to Mars or even further into space, such as uncrewed flight called Artemis I. Before reentering Earth’s atmosphere, Orion crew module separates from its service module using Aerojet Rocketdyne’s LAS jettison motor for rapid separation from launch vehicle for…

Reconstruction of the Apollo Mission Budget

Dreier used official NASA budget submissions to Congress and internal documentation describing appropriations for facilities and overhead expenses during FY 1961 to 1973 as the basis of his reconstruction of Apollo costs, then adjusted them for inflation using two inflation indices tailored specifically for aerospace projects. Exploring the costs involved in beating Soviet spacecraft to…

Why is the Sky Blue?

As sunlight passes through Earth’s atmosphere, molecules of nitrogen and oxygen scatter shorter blue wavelengths more strongly than other colors – an effect known as Rayleigh scattering. Longer wavelengths like yellow, red and orange pass unimpeded through the atmosphere – so why is the sky light blue? Unfortunately, the answer lies somewhere within. The Sun’s…

The Apollo J Missions

After landing safely in a lunar crater known as the Sea of Tranquility, astronauts Neil Armstrong ScD ’63 and Buzz Aldrin emerged from their Eagle spacecraft and proceeded to step outside their landing site with seismometers tracking every movement they made. Apollo J missions would have included longer extravehicular activities and Lunar Roving Vehicle, or…