Reconstruction of the Apollo Mission Budget

Dreier used official NASA budget submissions to Congress and internal documentation describing appropriations for facilities and overhead expenses during FY 1961 to 1973 as the basis of his reconstruction of Apollo costs, then adjusted them for inflation using two inflation indices tailored specifically for aerospace projects. Exploring the costs involved in beating Soviet spacecraft to

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Why is the Sky Blue?

As sunlight passes through Earth’s atmosphere, molecules of nitrogen and oxygen scatter shorter blue wavelengths more strongly than other colors – an effect known as Rayleigh scattering. Longer wavelengths like yellow, red and orange pass unimpeded through the atmosphere – so why is the sky light blue? Unfortunately, the answer lies somewhere within. The Sun’s

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Spacecraft Architecture and Subsystems

At launch sites, the physical structures that garner the most interest are assembly buildings. Cape Canaveral’s VAB, for instance, was specifically designed to assemble Saturn V rockets vertically while they traveled down an overhead gantry track toward their pads. Aerospace is focused on designing architectures with greater resilience and the capacity to reassemble quickly, necessitating

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The Apollo J Missions

After landing safely in a lunar crater known as the Sea of Tranquility, astronauts Neil Armstrong ScD ’63 and Buzz Aldrin emerged from their Eagle spacecraft and proceeded to step outside their landing site with seismometers tracking every movement they made. Apollo J missions would have included longer extravehicular activities and Lunar Roving Vehicle, or

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